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D. In general, asbestos has not been mutagenic in bacteria, and is not clearly genotoxic in mammalian cells, except for some rodent cells in vitro (Daniel, 1983; Chamberlain & Tarmy, 1977). Amosite, crocidolite, and chrysotile were not mutagenic in the HGPRTase assay in rat cells (Reiss et al, 1982). Asbestos has been reported to be mutagenic in E. coli (Cleveland, 1984). 1. Recent developments in molecular genetics have enabled mutations induced by asbestos to be detected in mammalian cells. Asbestos can induce multi-locus deletions in human-hamster hybrid cells; these mutations are prevented by catalase or superoxide dismutase, anti-oxidant enzymes (Hei et al, 1995). Crocidolite, but not chrysotile, induced loss of heterozygosity in the HLA-A locus in human peripheral lymphocytes (Both et al, 1994). E. Mixed results have been obtained in cytogenetics assays. 1. Asbestos induced chromosomal mutations, aneuploidy, and chromosomal aberrations in various cultured mammalian cells; some of these alterations seemed non-random (Harbison, 1998). 2. Asbestos did not cause sister chromatid exchanges in rat cells in vitro (Kaplan et al, 1980). Crocidolite did induce more sister chromatid exchanges than amosite in hamster cells (Livingston et at, 1982), but crocidolite did not induce sister chromatid exchanges or chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster V-79 cells (Price-Jones et al, 1980). 3. Chrysotile was reported to increase sister chromatid exchanges in hamster cells, but did not have a dose-response relationship (Aravinda Babu et al, 1981). Asbestos induced SCEs in hamster cells, but not in human cells (Sincock et al, 1982). 4. Crocidolite was positive for chromosome aberrations and mutations in Chinese hamster lung cells (Huang et al, 1978). Amosite and chrysotile were twice as mutagenic as crocidolite, but all were weak mutagens (Huang, 1979). Asbestos did not induce chromosome aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster cells (Farulla et al, 1978). 5. Chrysotile and zeolite particles given intraperitoneally can induce chromosome aberrations in mice (Dumev et al, 1993). Chrysotile given orally to monkeys did not induce chromosome aberrations, but did induce such aberrations in hamster cells in vitro (Kaplan et al, 1980). 6. Chrysotile induced chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster cells (Aravinda Babu et al, 1980; Sincock & Seabright, 1975; Oshimura et al, 1984). Chinese chrysotile induced sister chromatid exchanges in human cells (Hong & He, 1985). Amosite, crocidolite, and chrysotile all induced micronuclei in cultured Syrian hamster embryo cells (Dopp et al, 1995). 7. Short amosite fibers did not induce chromosome aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster cells, whereas longer fibers did (Donaldson & Golyasnya, 1995). 8. Sister chromatid exchanges were studied in the white blood cells of asbestos workers. There was a small increase associated with exposure to asbestos and a further increase with smoking (Rom et al, 1983). Increases in sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations were seen in cultured lymphocytes of asbestos cement workers (Fatma et al, 1991). 9. Asbestos produced aneuploidy in human pleural mesothelial cells (Lechner et al, 1985) and in hamster cells (Hesterberg Barrett, 1985). It induced aneuploidy of sex chromosomes in Drosophila oocytes (Osgood & Sterling, 1991). 10. Asbestos has been reported to induce chromosome aberrations in human cells (Valerio et al, 1983; Srb et al, 1984; Tokiwa et al, 1983; Valerio et al, 1980).

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