NYC-WTC_000195164

NYC 9/11 Public Portal Document

.ASBESTOS REPROTEXT ® System Page 6 of 27

(Ilgren Browne, 1991). Another reviewer has stated that the risk of LUNG cancer is higher in persons with asbestosis than in those in whom it is absent (Craighead, 1992). 2. There was no evidence for a threshold for induction of either lung cancer or asbestosis in a cohort mortality study of South Carolina textile workers. The excess lifetime risk for 45 years of exposure at the current OSHA standard was 5/1000 for lung cancer, and 2/1000 for asbestosis, in this cohort (Stayner et al, 1997). A literature review also found no evidence for a threshold for asbestos- induced mesothelioma (Hillerdal, 1999). E. In one ongoing study of persons occupationally exposed to asbestos in a nitric acid plant, cancers that have increased in incidence over time since the first exposure to asbestos are those of the lung, pleura, stomach, unknown origin, and total cancers (Hilt et al, 1991). This same group has been studied for more than 60 years, and will continue to be followed indefinitely. F. Danish men employed in the asbestos cement industry have been reported to be at increased risk for lung cancer. In one study, all Danish men with lung cancer from 1943 to 1984 were included, and cancers were stratified according to type. An increase in lung cancer incidence was confirmed, with the highest relative risk being for adenocarcinoma (3.31-fold). Risk was conelated with duration of employment and time since first employment (Raffn et al, 1993). G. In studies of Finnish cancer patients, lung fiber concentrations of greater than one million per gram of dry tissue were associated with increased risk for mesothelioma (Tuomi et al, 1991). H. Non-occupational exposure to asbestos has been associated with diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma, in persons living in an area of high environmental asbestos levels. In this study, the latent time for development of mesothelioma was longer than with occupational exposure, and independent of duration of exposure (Metintas et al, 1999). 1. A few cases of mesothelioma have been reported in persons who washed asbestos- contaminated clothes. In one study, 13 of 262 total cases of pleural mesothelioma were thought to be due to such exposures (Dodoli et al, 1992). In another study, five fatal cases of mesothelioma were seen in wives of asbestos-exposed workers who cleaned their husbands contaminated clothes and shoes (Schneider et al, 1996). I. There is a well-known interaction between CIGARETTE SMOKING and exposure to asbestos in increasing the risk for lung cancer. There has been some controversy as to the quantitative effects between asbestos and tobacco smoke in the occurrence of lung cancer. It was hypothesized that embedded asbestos fibers may provide an area for the deposition of carcinogens from tobacco smoke (Clayton & Clayton, 1993). 1. More recent epidemiologic evidence, however, has suggested that regardless of smoking history, workers heavily exposed to asbestos may be at increased risk to develop lung cancer (Clayton & Clayton, 1993). Although asbestosis and lung cancer are related, the risk for mesothelioma seems to be separate and not related to smoking (EOSH, 1982; Berry et al, 1985). J. A meta-analysis of 69 occupational cohorts has concluded that asbestos exposure is linked with mesothelioma deaths in a dose-related manner, and a suggested association with laryngeal carcinoma (Goodman et al, 1999). K. Norwegian lighthouse keepers who drank cistern water contaminated with asbestos from runoff of asbestos-cement roof tiles for two decades had an excess risk for developing stomach cancer, but not malignant mesothelioma (Andersen et al, 1993). There is also a rare association of asbestos exposure and testicular cancer (Fligiel & Kaneko, 1976).

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NYC-WTC_000195169