VOC sampling locations table for Ground Zero area, Jan 2002

NYC 9/11 Public Portal Document

Technology (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD). SRM 1649a is an WTC2001 study, it was decided that further size urban particulate matter sample which was collected in the fractionation at NYU was not necessary. Control PM Washington DC area in 1976-1977over a 12month period samples were stored at room temperature in polystyrene or and represents a time-integrated sample (NIST, 2001). polypropylene tubes shielded from light. See Table 1 for This material was selected in order to compare toxicity of the summary descriptions of control PM samples. WTC PM2 5 with other typical urban air PMj ^ (albeit from Samples of WTC PM, NIST, MSH, and ROFA were an earlier era when leaded gasoline was still in use). Since characterized by scanning electron microscopy / energy this material was collected as a total suspended particulate dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRF), X- (TSP) sample with a large amount of coarse non-respirable ray fluorescence (XRD), carbon fraction analysis, pH and PM, it was necessary to size-fractionate it in order to endotoxin analysis, inductively coupled plasma-mass compare it with the WTC PMj j samples. Vials of NIST spectrometry / atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-MS / 1649a were purchased and then sent to NYU for size­ ICP-AES), and ion chromatography (IC). fractionation using the same procedures as outlined above. The PM2.5 fraction was sent back to EPA, and NIST 1649a D. Physical and chemical analysis of solid (bulk and was extracted from Teflon filters as described above. filter) samples. The toxicity of WTC PM2.5 was also compared to that I. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive of a PM2.5 fraction of ash from Mt. St. Helens (MSH) in x-ray (SEM/EDX) analysis. SEM/EDX was used to Washington state (Graham et al., 1985). Approximately obtain physical and chemical characteristics of particles half ofMSH is crystalline in nature, primarily plagioclase, and fibers found in bulk WTC2001 and control dust PM2.5 a series of compounds beginning with NaAlSijOg and samples, and on polycarbonate filters taken during an ending with CaA12Si2Og which show continuous solid inhalation exposure using the WTC3 sample. The solution from albite to anorthite, with CaAl replacingNaSi Personal SEM® (PSEM) (formerly R. J. Lee Instruments, as the series progresses. The remaining portion of MSH Ltd., now Aspex Instruments, Trafford, PA) was used to is amorphous (glass), while there are minor amounts of conduct the manual, single-particle analyses. The PSEM cristobalite (3%) and quartz (< 1%). The PM2 5 fraction of is a digital SEM/EDX system equipped with secondary MSH has low toxicity in rats (Raub et al., 1985) and mice and backscattered electron detectors for imaging, and a (Hatch et al., 1984). Since the MSH sample had already thin-window EDX detector enabling X-ray detection of been size-fractionated (Graham et al., 1985), it was not carbon and heavier elements. For bulk samples, a small necessary for NYU to further size-fractionate it with their amount was applied to an adhesive carbon tab affixed to system. an aluminum SEM stub. For filter samples, small pieces Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is a fugitive fine PM (less than 1 cm^) were affixed to aluminum SEM stubs sample with a high content of bioavailable transition using a carbonaceous suspension. Images were created metals including vanadium, nickel, and iron. Numerous using the backscattered electron mode, which enhances the studies by investigators at EPA and other institutions have contrast of metals and other heavy elements with the demonstrated that these metals are associated with lung backgroimd carbonaceous medium compared with lighter injury in both healthy animals and animal models of element particles. Photomicrographs of the individual cardiopulmonary injury (Dreher et al., 1997; Gavett et al., features provide particle morphology and approximate 1999,Kodavantietal., 1998, Watkinson et al., 1998). For physical size; an x-ray spectrum displayed below the the WTC2001 study, we chose a sample of ROFA from a image provides information on the elemental composition boiler system which is toxic yet not as soluble in water as of the feature. SEM/EDX analysis was performed by the previous samples of ROFA (ROFA sample #3 from National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Kodavanti et al., 1998), and is therefore more comparable Triangle Park, NC. Since only 15-30 images were to WTC PM samples which are not extremely water­ examined from each sample, the results should not be soluble. The ROFA samples in the study by Kodavanti interpreted as quantitative or comprehensive (Mamane et (1998) were reduced in size by placing each sample with al., 2001). Rather, these qualitative results were primarily a stainless-steel ball in a stainless-steel cup and shaking used to determine consistency with other analytical vigorously in a ball mill shaker for 30 - 60 minutes, and techniques described below. then passing the sample through a 100 p, mesh nylon 2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. XRD was used screen. ROFA sample #3 has a mass median aerodynamic to determine qualitatively whether any crystalline diameter (MMAD) of 2.665 p. Although it was slightly compounds were present in sufficient quantity to be larger in size compared with the other samples used in the identified in the WTC3 sample used in the inhalation

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NYC-WTC_000149149